滑动拼图:给定拼图,求解决方案。
4.5开动脑筋智慧搜索
A*与IDA*
滑块拼图问题是否有解的判断方法是,先将表格平铺:
然后计算N=逆序数对之和,e=空白所在的行数。若N+e为偶数,则有解,反之无解,证明在此。
然后估计最优解的下界,对所有非0数字,最理想的情况是表格中其他数字都不存在,不浪费一步避让,一路畅通无阻抵达目标。此时所需的步数为曼哈顿距离:
之后就是常规的IDA*搜索了。
#include <iostream> #include <climits> #include <string> #include <algorithm> using namespace std; const int dy[4] = {0, 0, +1, -1}; const int dx[4] = {+1, -1, 0, 0}; const int direction[4] = {'R', 'L', 'D', 'U'}; const int MAX_N = 50; string path; int T[15][15], e_y, e_x; // 最优解下界 int h() { int limit = 0; for (int y = 0; y < 4; y++) { for (int x = 0; x < 4; x++) { if (T[y][x] == 0) continue; int goal_y = (T[y][x] - 1) / 4; int goal_x = (T[y][x] - 1) % 4; limit += abs(goal_y - y) + abs(goal_x - x); // 曼哈顿距离 } } return limit; } bool dfs(int current_steps, int prev_direction, int bound) { int limit = h(); if (limit == 0) return true; if (current_steps + limit > bound) return false; for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) { if (i == (prev_direction ^ 1)) // 小三爷,不回头 continue; int ny = e_y + dy[i]; int nx = e_x + dx[i]; if (ny < 0 || ny >= 4) continue; if (nx < 0 || nx >= 4) continue; path.push_back(direction[i]); swap(T[ny][nx], T[e_y][e_x]); swap(ny, e_y); swap(nx, e_x); if (dfs(current_steps + 1, i, bound)) return true; swap(ny, e_y); swap(nx, e_x); swap(T[ny][nx], T[e_y][e_x]); path.pop_back(); } return false; } bool ida_star() { for (int limit = h(); limit <= MAX_N; ++limit) { if (dfs(0, -1, limit)) return true; } return false; } bool solvable() { int N = 0; bool occur[16] = {false}; for (int y = 0; y < 4; y++) { for (int x = 0; x < 4; x++) { if (T[y][x] == 0) { e_y = y; e_x = x; } else { N += count(occur + 1, occur + T[y][x], false); occur[T[y][x]] = true; } } } return ((N + (e_y + 1)) & 1) == 0; // N + e 为偶数,则当前局面有解,否则无解 } int main() { #ifndef ONLINE_JUDGE freopen("in.txt", "r", stdin); #endif int N; scanf("%d", &N); while (N--) { for (int y = 0; y < 4; y++) { for (int x = 0; x < 4; x++) { scanf("%d", &T[y][x]); } } path.clear(); if (!solvable() || !ida_star()) { puts("This puzzle is not solvable."); } else { printf("%s\n", path.c_str()); } } #ifndef ONLINE_JUDGE fclose(stdin); #endif return 0; }
Reference
https://amoshyc.github.io/ojsolution-build/uva/p10181.html
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